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Low Mass (called in Latin, ''Missa lecta'', which literally means "read Mass")〔(Timothy Lincoln Bouscaren, James I. O'Connor, The Canon Law Digest: officially published documents affecting the Code of Canon Law, vol. 5, p. 74 )〕〔(Edward Schaefer, Catholic Music through the Ages: Balancing the Needs of a Worshipping Church, p. 45 )〕〔(The Harvard Dictionary of Music (2003 edition), p. 516 )〕 is a Tridentine Mass defined officially in the Code of Rubrics included in the 1962 edition of the Roman Missal as Mass in which the priest does not chant the parts that the rubrics assign to him.〔"Missarum species duae sunt: ''Missa in cantu'' et ''Missa lecta''. Missa dicitur ''in cantu'', si sacerdos celebrans partes ab ipso iuxta rubricas cantandas revera cantu profert: secus dicitur ''lecta'' ((Code of Rubrics, 271); ) "Masses are of two kinds: ''sung Masses (in cantu)'' and ''low Masses (Missa lecta)''). A Mass is called ''a sung Mass'', when the celebrant actually sings those parts which the rubrics require to be sung; otherwise it is called a ''low Mass''" ((translation by Rev. Patrick L. Murphy )).〕 A sung Mass in turn is a Solemn or High Mass if celebrated with the assistance of sacred ministers (deacon and subdeacon); without them it is a Missa Cantata.〔''Missa in cantu'' porro, si celebratur cum assistentia ministrorum sacrorum, appellatur ''Missa solemnis'': si celebratur absque ministris sacris, vocatur ''Missa cantata''" ((Code of Rubrics, 271); ) "a ''sung Mass'', when celebrated with the assistance of sacred ministers, is called a ''solemn'' or ''High Mass (Missa solemnis);'' when celebrated without sacred ministers, it is called a ''Missa cantata'' ((translation by Rev. Patrick L. Murphy). )〕 "Private Mass" (in Latin, ''Missa privata'' or ''secreta, familiaris, peculiaris''),〔(William Edward Addis, Thomas Arnold, ''A Catholic Dictionary'', p. 555 )〕 which is now understood as Mass celebrated without a congregation, formerly meant any Low Mass, even with a large congregation.〔"Private Mass. Formerly the same as Low Mass. Now applied to the Mass that a priest says privately, without a congregation" ((John Hardon, ''Modern Catholic Dictionary'' (1980) )〕〔"At first the expression 'private mass' meant what used to be called a 'low mass', i.e., one without the normal solemnity and not considered the celebration of the entire community. Only later in the period did it come to mean masses celebrated by the priest alone" ((Paul Bernier, ''Ministry in the Church: a historical and pastoral approach, p. 298) )〕〔"The variations in the ceremonies practised in the celebration of the Eucharist make a division into two heads easy: ''missa solemnis'' and ''missa privata''" ((Edward Godfrey Cuthbert Frederic Atchley, Percy Dearmer, John Wickham Legg, Edmund Bishop, ''Essays on Ceremonial'', p. 68) )〕 In editions of the Roman Missal earlier than that of 1962, "Missa privata" was still contrasted with "Missa solemnis".〔For example, in ''Rubricae generales Missalis, XVI, which deals with what parts of the Mass should be said aloud and which parts so quietly that only the priest himself can hear.〕 In 1960 Pope John XXIII, who in 1962 removed from the Roman Missal the section headed ''Rubricae generales Missalis'', replacing it with his Code of Rubrics, decried use of the term "Missa privata": "The most sacred Sacrifice of the Mass celebrated according to the rites and regulations is an act of public worship offered to God in the name of Christ and the Church. Therefore, the term 'private Mass' should be avoided."〔(Rubricae Generales Missalis Romani ), 269)〕 When applied to Low Mass in general, the word ''privata'' indicated that that form of Mass was ''deprived'' of certain ceremonies.〔(''The Rosary Magazine'', 1908, p. 665 )〕 In Low Mass incense is not used and the responses (in Latin) are given by one or more servers. Low Mass, celebrated in exactly the same way whether a congregation is present or not, was the most common form of Mass before 1969. In the 1970 edition of the Roman Missal a distinction〔Other distinctions include that, within Mass celebrated with a congregation, between Mass with a deacon and Mass without a deacon (see (General Instruction of the Roman Missal ), 120-186).〕 was made between Mass celebrated with a congregation and Mass celebrated without a congregation.〔(General Instruction of the Roman Missal (1970 edition), Chapter IV: ) "I. Mass with a Congregation ... III. Mass without a Congregation"〕 No such distinction was made in earlier (Tridentine) editions of the Roman Missal, which only distinguished between Solemn Mass and Low Mass (calling the latter ''Missa lecta'' or, as in the ''Rubricae generales Missalis'' included in pre-1962 editions, ''Missa privata''). The term "Low Mass" is sometimes used also by Christians not in communion with the Holy See for a spoken, not sung, form of their own Eucharistic celebrations.〔For example, (Zion Lutheran Church, Services ) and (the Anglican Parish of Saint Mark )〕 However, this article concerns only the form of the Roman Rite of Mass officially known by that name. ==History== Low Mass originated in the early Middle Ages as a shortened or simplified form of Solemn Mass. Catholic practice had been that there was (at most) one Mass in a monastery or parish church each day. However, over time it became necessary for a variety of reasons to celebrate more than one on the same day. It also became customary for monasteries to ordain most of their monks, though originally monks were almost all laymen, and for every priest to say a daily Mass. For a while, concelebration, whereby several priests took a full priestly part in offering Mass, provided all with the possibility to celebrate Mass each day, but this custom died out. Low Mass is considered to be a necessity that falls short of the ideal, which is Solemn Mass. ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' of 1913 describes the result as follows: :... concelebration was in the early Middle Ages replaced by separate private celebrations. No doubt the custom of offering each Mass for a special intention helped to bring about this change. The separate celebrations then involved the building of many altars in one church and the reduction of the ritual to the simplest possible form. The deacon and subdeacon were in this case dispensed with; the celebrant took their part as well as his own. One server took the part of the choir and of all the other ministers, everything was said instead of being sung, the incense and kiss of peace were omitted. So we have the well-known rite of low Mass (''missa privata''). This then reacted on high Mass (''missa solemnis''), so that at high Mass too the celebrant himself recites everything, even though it be also sung by the deacon, subdeacon, or choir.'' 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Low Mass」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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